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Balance-diagnostic equipment and forceplate measures are expensive, time consuming, and limited to a few institutions and professional organizations. As a result, numerous definitions, severity scales, and return-to-play guidelines have been developed.1–6 Team physicians and certified athletic trainers have access to a greater amount of information, but the debate concerning the validity and practicality of concussion-evaluation methods and diagnostic tools continues.īalance, neuropsychological performance, and self-reported symptoms have been commonly cited as means of identifying concussive symptoms.7–15 Although some investigators have evaluated the validity of balance or neuropsychological performance (or both) for monitoring concussion resolution,11,12,14,16 the cost and practicality of some of these measures are prohibitive. Sport-related concussion research has increased considerably over the past decade. Keywords: confirmatory factor analysis, symptoms This scale might aid in return-to-play decisions by physicians and athletic trainers. We provide evidence for the factorial and construct validity of the HIS among collegiate athletes. A significant group-by-day interaction was noted on both the 9-item HIS and 16-item HIS, with significant differences seen between groups on days 1 and 2 postconcussion. Scores from the 16-item HIS and 9-item HIS were strongly correlated, but there were few significant correlations between HIS scores and scores from the neuropsychological and balance measures. The 3 factors were best described by a single second-order factor: concussion symptoms. The subsequent analysis indicated that the 3-factor model provided an excellent fit to the modified 9-item HIS.
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Hence, the 16-item HIS was modified on the basis of substantive arguments about item-content validity. Concussed individuals and paired controls were evaluated on days 1, 2, 3, and 10 postinjury on the same testing battery.Ĭonfirmatory factor analysis indicated that a theoretically derived, 3-factor model provided a good but not excellent fit to the 16-item HIS. Participants (N = 33) in the experimental analyses were concussed (n = 17) and nonconcussed control (n = 16) collegiate athletes with a mean age of 19.76 ± 1.49 years.Īll participants completed baseline measures for the 16-item HIS, neuropsychological testing battery, and posturography. Participants (N = 279) in the cross-sectional analyses were predominately male (n = 223) collegiate athletes with a mean age of 19.49 ± 1.63 years. Using an experimental design, we compared scores on the HIS between concussed and nonconcussed groups with a 2 (groups) ? 5 (time) mixed-model analysis of variance. Using a cross-sectional design, we established the factorial validity of the HIS scale with confirmatory factor analysis and the construct validity of the HIS with Pearson product moment correlation analyses.
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To evaluate the factorial and construct validity of the Head Injury Scale (HIS) among a sample of male and female collegiate athletes. Address Email: article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Piland, MA, LATC, Department of Exercise Science, The University of Georgia, 300 River Road, Athens, GA 30602. Peterson, PhD, ATC, contributed to acquisition of the data and drafting and final approval of the article.Īddress correspondence to Scott G. Ferrara, PhD, ATC, contributed to conception and design acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data and drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the article. Motl, PhD, contributed to conception and design analysis and interpretation of the data and drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the article. Piland, MA, LATC, contributed to conception and design acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data and drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the article. †James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA